Links
Recommended resources for veterinary and animal science

Neurology and neurosciences

SEE ALSO: Anatomy and Physiology

General resources

University of Sydney Library Catalogue
Recommended subject headings on the University of Sydney Library Catalogue are:

• Veterinary Neurology
• Neurology and related headings
• Neurosciences and related headings
• Brain and related headings

LONI
Hosted by Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Division of Brain Mapping, Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine. Uses high-resolution MRI scans and 3D-animation software to provide detailed models of brain structures. Includes the Mouse Atlas Project, a project to develop a detailed multidimensional digital atlas of mouse central nervous system.

Neuroscience
Part of the Computer Aided Learning website hosted by the School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania. The site features a collection of slides with brief descriptions. It includes sections on cell biology, gross brain, medulla, cranial nerves, and cranial nerve nuclei, pons and midbrain, diencephalon, and telencephalon.

Brain facts
A 52-page booklet on the brain and nervous system, published by the Society for Neuroscience. Aimed at a lay audience, it includes chapters on sensation and perception, learning and memory, sleep, ageing, neurological and psychiatric illnesses and potential therapies.

On the Brain
A publication of the Harvard Mahoney Neuroscience Institute of the Havard Medical School, provides information on current research and breakthroughs in neuroscience. The issues are available in .pdf format.

Focus
A bi-weekly news magazine reporting the latest in biomedical research, advances and programs from the Harvard Medical, Dental and Public Health Schools as well as from the many Harvard-affiliated institutions. Articles are arranged by discipline and neuroscience information is often available.

Atlas of veterinary neuropathology
A database of color images designed to be a supplement to the textbook Veterinary Neuropathology by Brian A. Summers, John F. Cummings and Alexander de Lahunta. St. Louis, Mo. Mosby, c1995. The database aims to offer many more images showing diagnostic pathologic features of the specific disease entities covered in the book and also to create a general training resource in Veterinary & Comparative Neuropathology. The database can be searched by using an alphabetical listing of keywords. The principal content editor is Professor Clive R. Huxtable of the College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University

Neuroanatomy and Neuropathology on the Internet
Compiled and designed by Katalin HegedÜs, MD, PhD, this large resource has been designed for medical students, residents, and other health professionals. It contains a wide range of materials including online quizzes from educational organisations around the world.

Neuroscience at a Glance
This Web site provides supplements to the book Neuroscience at a Glance published by Blackwell Science Ltd. There are three main features: glossaries, further reading and updates.

Neuroscience Instruction - Multimedia Courseware
Hosted by the University of Minnesota. The site contains links to intstructional neuroscience websites. Some examples include: canine autonomic pathways, autonomic pharmacology, brain gross anatomy, canine brain atlas, and neurohistology.

Neuroscience
Part of the Computer Aided Learning website hosted by the School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania. The site features a collection of slides with brief descriptions. It includes sections on cell biology, gross brain, medulla, cranial nerves, and cranial nerve nuclei, pons and midbrain, diencephalon, and telencephalon.

Veterinary Neurology and Neurosurgery
A "peer-reviewed online international journal dedicated to clinical practice and research in neurological disorders of animals", the site contains a "Case of the Month", notes and papers.

Neurobiology: molecules, cells and systems. Animations
A set of animations created by Karin Christensen. These accompany the book, Neurobiology: molecules, cells and systems by Gary G. Matthews and published by Blackwell Science. A Flash plug in (freely downloadable from the site) is needed to view the animations.

BMC Neurology
An online journal provided through BioMed Central. This journal provides articles about the prevention, diagnosis and management of neurological disorders, and related molecular genetics, pathophysiology, and epidemiology.

Hill's European Symposium on Canine Brain Ageing
Published by IVIS. Full text of proceedings of the Hill's European Symposium on Canine Brain Ageing, Barcelona, Spain, 2002. Subjects covered include Alzheimer's Disease, neuropathology in ageing dogs, brain imaging in older dogs, and cognitive dysfunction. Users must register with IVIS to gain access. Registration is simple and free.

Non Human Animal Resources

Veterinary Neurobiology
Part of the Web-Based Veterinary Anatomy Instruction created by the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota. The site features images, descriptions, and animations. It contains sections on brain gross anatomy, canine brain transections, neurohistology, and video-clips of clinical neurology cases.

Rat Atlas
Published by LONI, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging at UCLA this Web site focuses on a project to create a 3D reconstruction of a rat brain atlas. Details of the process are given as well as an interactive 3D visualisation of the rat brain.

Mouse Brain Atlas
Created by the Harvard Medical School. A high-resolution electronic atlas of the mouse brain, consisting of a 2D atlas and 3D visualisation. Research goals of the project and technical details of the methods used to compile the atlas are also specified.

BrainInfo
Created the Neuroscience Division, Regional Primate Research Center, University of Washington. This is a tool to help the user identify the different parts of the brain. Features NeuroNames, a semantic network of neuroanatomical nomenclature and the Template Atlas of the Primate Brain, a stereotaxic atlas of Macaca fascicularis;

Mouse Brain Library
The Mouse Brain Library is a collaborative project between Robert W. Williams (Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of Tennessee) and Glenn D. Rosen (Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston). It consists of high-resolution images, and databases of brains from many genetically characterised strains of mice. Includes microscopic slides, movies and cross sections of mouse brains.

Caltech MRI Atlas of Mouse Development
Developed by the California Institute of Technology. This is an interactive 3D digital atlas of mouse development. It allows users to query cerebral structures of a mouse embryo and view 3-D reconstructions of those structures as well as reconstructions of the entire embryo.

Comparative Mammalian Brain Collections
This Web site provides access to images, stained sections and information on brains of over 175 species of mammals including marsupials, monotremes, marine mammals and primates. There are photographs of serial sections for selected species as well as discussions of brain evolution, development, circuitry and function. There is a comprehensive list of relevant links and a database search engine. This site is a collaboration between the University of Wisconsin, Michigan State University and the National Museum of Health and Medicine. It is managed by Wally Welker, John Irwin Johnson and Adrianne Noe.

Atlas of the Sheep Brain
Authored by John I. Johnson, Keith D. Sudheimer, Kristina K. Davis and Brian M. Winn and published on the web by Michigan State University, this site provides images of coronal sections of sheep. Images are large and well labelled.

Flybrain
Hosted by the University of Freiburg. This is an online atlas and database of the drosophila larval and adult nervous system. Contains high resolution and 3D images and models.

Basic Atlas of the Drosophila Brain
Hosted by the University of Arizona. This site includes images produced using a number of techniques, including silver stains, autofluorescence, Golgi impregnations and EM preparations. There is a list of major brain structures and a link to the Flybrain 3D project.

Companion Animal Diagnostics Section of the Comparative Neuromuscular Laboratories
The Comparative Neuromuscular Laboratories are based at the University of California, San Diego, USA. A "Case of the Month" page is available on the site and special features are published on topics such as rational therapeutics for neuromuscular diseases and a glossary for myasthenia gravis.

Clinical Neurology in Small Animals: Localization, Diagnosis and Treatment 2nd Edition
Electronic textbook edited by C.H. Vite and K.G. Braund and published online by International Veterinary Information Service (IVIS). The book features sections on neuroanatomical localisation and syndromes, etiological categories of neurological diseases, neurodiagnostic techniques, and special therapeutic techniques. The complete textbook is freely available online, however it is necessary to register with IVIS first. Registration is free.

Comparative Mammalian Brain Collections
The Comparative Mammalian Brain Collections website of the University of Wisconsin, Michigan State University and the National Museum of Health and Medicine is a comprehensive database of images and information on the brains of more than one hundred different species of mammals. There are also sections on the evolution of the brain, brain circuitry and how the brain works. The links to other resources includes other collections, professional institutions, research projects and journals.

Human Resources

Human Brain Project
This Web site hosted by the California Instate of Technology is dedicated to the Human Brain Project. This project "revolves around the development, application, interpretation, and presentation of high resolution multidimensional images of the developing nervous system obtained on several model systems both in vitro and in vivo".

USC Brain Project
Hosted by the University of Southern California Brain Project. This project involves an integrated approach to neuroinformatics combining Time Series Databases, Visualisation and Atlas-Based Data, Modelling and Simulation, and Data Management and Mining. The Website features 3D image based brain atlases.

Baylor University College of Medicine, Neurology Dept.
The site includes "Case of the Month" where the College Neurology Residents present cases they have found to be challenging and that they feel would be of interest to others. A new case will be posted near the first of each month.

Information on Human Neurological Diseases
An information gateway to a wide range of links about human neurological diseases. Each disease has a list of high quality Web sites attached to it. The editor of this guide is Neil A. Busis, M.D..

Hyper Brain
University of Utah. Features a brain atlas of MR images and a neuroanatomy syllabus, with links to images and glossary, as well as quizzes and exams.

Atlases of the Brain
Produced by the Knowledge Weavers Project, University of Utah. The images are sorted into the following categories - coronal brain, brain spinal cord, MRI axial brain, MRI coronal brain and MRI saggital brain. Each image with outlines is accompanied by an interactive quiz.

BrainMap
Crated by the Research Imaging Center, University of Texas. "BrainMap is a software environment for meta-analysis of the human functional brain-mapping literature. Its purpose is to promote the user's ability to understand and meta-analyze the functional anatomy of the human brain through access to image-derived research on human functional neuroanatomy".

Visible Human Project
Focuses on the Visible Human Project, conducted by the National Library of Medicine. This project aims to create complete, anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of the normal male and female human bodies based on transverse CT, MR and cryosection images of representative male and female cadavers. Updates, details of image data and conference proceedings are provided.

McConnell Brain Imaging Centre
Hosted by the Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University. Features BrainWeb, a Web interface to a Simulated Brain Database and MRI simulations, and ICBM View: an interactive Web visualisation tool for stereotaxic data.

The Whole Brain Atlas
A brain atlas compiled by Harvard University integrating clinical information with magnetic resonance (MR), x-ray computed tomography (CT), and nuclear medicine images. Features images of both normal and cerebrovascular, neoplastic, degenerative and inflammatory disease affected brains.

Anatomy Browser
Surgical Planning Laboratory, Harvard Medical School. A morphological atlas for use as an educational tool and for pre surgery planning and reference. Features a detailed atlas of the brain and brain nuclei as well as clinical cases of tumours. Also includes atlases of the spine, ear, pelvis and knee. The user can view 3D renderings and cross-sectional slices and interact with them.

Digital Anatomist. Interactive Brain Atlas
Part of the Digital Anatomist Project of the University of Washington. Features images of the brain including dissections, MRIs, and 3D animations, pathways and composites.

MRI Atlas of the Human Brain
Produced by Michigan State University. This site includes MRI sections of a living human brain, with corresponding images of stained and prepared brain sections.

UW Human Brain Project.
Structural Informatics Group, University of Washington. Part of the national Human Brain Project, this part of the project focuses on organising functional information about the brain around a structural information framework, and "addresses the management, visualisation and analysis of cortical language mapping data." Includes several downloads and demos including the brain browser, an applet used to used to visualise functional MRI and stimulation sites in individual patients.

Colour Blindness Test
Take the test to see if you can tell which picture is what if you had acute colour blindness. Written by Drs. Jay and Maureen Neitz at the Medical College of Wisconsin. For more information about colour blindness go to the Neitz Lab page.

Loss hits you between the eyes: Brain's negativity-detector might be an unreliable guide
This article from Nature Science Update by John Whitfield explains why gamblers can't believe their eyes.

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
This article by Maia Szalavitz was published on the 14th September, 2001 by BioMedNet. It explores the possible use of magnets to treat psychiatric disorders such as depression through a process called transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). The article also explores the possibility of using this therapy to study free will.

The secret life of the brain
This website is an online companion to the television series The secret life of the brain presented by the US Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). The site contains interactive features including a 3-D tour of the brain and drop-down menus that allow users to explore the brain by function or area. Overviews and video clips from each of the five episodes in the television series, which cover the baby, child, teenage, adult, and aging brain can also be accessed.

Brain explorer
This web site is produced by the Lundbeck Institute, an international non-commercial forum created to improve the quality of life for patients suffering from CNS disorders. It provides a visual tour of the brain. Brain Atlas features diagrams of the brain and spinal cord, detailed explanatory information, and a pop-up glossary. The section titled Neurological Control gives information on the workings of the brain, including the mechanism and control of neurotransmitters and neurotransmission. Other features include a section on brain disorders and an extensive image gallery.

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke: Disorders (NINDS)
The NINDS disorders page provides information on a range of neurological disorders. The information given includes an explanation of what the disorders are treatment, prognosis and current research.

Sleep

Nature Insight - Sleep
This Insight presents a collection of articles on the subject of sleep. It was published in Nature Vol. 437 No. 7063 (27 October 2005). Of particular interest is Clues to the functions of mammalian sleep by Jerome M. Siegel.

Center for Sleep Research
The Center for Sleep Research is based at the Department of Psychiatry, University of California and is headed by Dr Jerome M. Siegel. Its website contains the full text of a vast collection of articles written or co-written by Siegel in the areas of sleep disorders (including narcolepsy), sleep mechanisms, dreaming, and sleep memory and learning.

Center for Narcolepsy
Part of the Stanford School of Medicine, the Center's web site provides full text access to research publications, information on the symptoms and medications for the disorder, FAQ's and links to other web sites on Narcolepsy and sleep. It also provides access to video clips of a narcoleptic dog and narcoleptic mice.

Sleep Disorders
This MEDLINEplus health information page provides access to various resources on sleep disorders including articles, latest news, alternative therapy, clinical trials, disease management, research and treatment.

Sleepless in Cyberspace
This article by Nicola Gaedeke, of the Spencer S. Eccles Health Sciences Library at the University of Utah, was published on the 8th June, 2001 by BioMedNet. It discusses many common sleep and staying awake problems. There are links to other sleep sites throughout the article.

Intellect thrives on sleep
This Science Update written by Sara Abdulla and published by Nature News Service on February 22, 2002 discusses the relationship between sleep and learning. There are also links to other Science Updates on the subject of sleep.

The role of sleep in learning and memory
Article by Pierre Maquet of University College London published in Science. 294(5544): 1048-52, 2001. Reviews the recent literature on the role of sleep in memory formation.

Sleep, learning, and dreams: off-line memory reprocessing
Article by R. Stickgold et al published in Science. 294(5544): 1052-57, 2001. Argues that the evidence supports the hypothesis that sleep plays a role in the consolidation of an array of learning and memory tasks.

The REM sleep-memory consolidation hypothesis
Article by Jerome M. Siegel of the Department of Psychiatry, University of California published in Science.294(5544): 1058-63, 2001. Argues that the evidence for the hypothesis that REM sleep has an important role in memory consolidation is weak and contradictory.

Phylogenetic data bearing on the REM sleep learning connection
Article by Jerome M. Siegel Department of Psychiatry, University of California published in Behavioral and brain sciences. 23(6): 1007, 2000. Argues that phylogenetic data are inconsistent with the hypothesis that REM sleep duration is correlated with learning or learning ability.

Early sleep triggers memory for early visual discrimination skills
Article by Steffen Gais et al published in Nature Neuroscience December 2000 3(12): 1335-39. Reports on research that suggests that discrimination skills significantly improve over early sleep, improve even more over a whole night's sleep, but do not improve after late sleep alone.

Sleep Deprivation within Five Hours of Learning Impairs Memory Consolidation in Mice
Research at Penn report on findings by researchers at the University of Pennsylvania that mice allowed to sleep after being trained remembered what they had learned far better than those deprived of sleep for several hours afterwards.

Sleep and learning
Article published in Brain briefings, a publication of the Society for Neuroscience, reports on current research into how sleep may consolidate memories and assist learning.

Animals have complex dreams, MIT researcher proves
MIT News article reports on findings by researchers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology that animals' brains follow the same series of sleeping states as humans, have complex dreams and are able to retain and recall long sequences of events while they are asleep. The report is based on the following article: Kenway Louie and Matthew A. Wilson, Temporally structured replay of awake hippocampal ensemble activity during rapid eye movement sleep. Neuron, Vol 29, 145-156, January 2001.

Rats dream about their tasks during slow wave sleep
MIT News article reports on findings by researchers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology that rats dream about their activities during slow wave (or non REM) sleep as well as during REM sleep. The report is based on the following article: Albert K. Lee and Matthew A. Wilson, Memory of sequential experience in the hippocampus during slow wave sleep. Neuron, Vol 36, 1183-1194, December 2002.

Sensory perception

Further resources available at VETS 2011 Reserve Readings.

Virtual tour of the ear
Created by Perry C. Hanavan of Augustana College, South Dakota this website aims to provide educational information about the ear and hearing, and provide quick access to ear and hearing web resources. Many links include text descriptions, tutorials, photos, and diagrams and cover areas such as the hearing mechanism, hearing disorders, and audiologic rehabilitation.

Avian visual cognition
This website is an electronic book Avian visual cognition, edited and published by Dr. Robert G. Cook, Department of Psychology, Tufts University in cooperation with Comparative Cognition Press. Cook's research interests are in the general area of comparative animal cognition especially the mechanisms of visual perception and discrimination learning in pigeons. The book includes chapters on the evolution of the avian visual system, object recognition, and birds' judgments of number and quantity.

Questions about Eyes
This website hosted by BioMEDIA is a collection of images of eyeballs that link to brief essays that explain such questions as how animals can see underwater and how many times the eye independently evolved in the animal kingdom.

Night vision
This website hosted by NOVA Online is based on a PBS Nova documentary about nocturnal animals. Visitors can click on an image of an eye to learn more about the animal that uses it to see in the dark.

Links Related to Animal Perception
Hosted by Tufts University this web page contains links to several web pages on animal perception. They include What animals may see by Alexis Booth and Visual perception by Dr. Robert G. Cook.

What do dogs see? A review of "Vision in dogs"
Article written by Ron Mandsager DVM and published on the North American Hunting Retriever Association. A review of an article titled "Vision in dogs" written by Paul E. Miller, DVM and Christopher J. Murphy, DVM, and published in the Journal of the Veterinary Medical Association (JAVMA, vol. 207, no. 12, pp. 1623-1634, Dec. 15, 1995).

Bird Vision - What Do They See?
This website is a brief article examining avian vision. It is written by Christine Tarski, a bird enthusiast, and published by About.com.

EYES under the microscope
This website is a page from Micscape - the online monthly magazine of Microscopy UK. The text and images are by Jan Parmentier and shows how the eyes of various mollusks look under the microscope.

The role of fixational eye movements in visual perception
Article by Susana Martinez-Conde, Stephen L. Macknik & David H. Hubel and published in Nature Reviews: Neuroscience. (2004) vol. 5, 229-240. Reviews recent studies of fixational eye movements focussing on determining how visible perception is encoded by neurons in various visual areas of the brain.

Deafness in dogs and cats
Resource created by George M. Strain, Professor of Neuroscience, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University. Provides information on deafness prevalence, causes, and management for owners, breeders, and researchers. Includes full text of scientific papers written by Professor Strain and links to other related resources.

Unraveling the biochemistry of sweet and umami tastes
Commentary from the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2004), vol. 101, 13972-3. (10.1073/pnas.0405991101).

Research databases and indexes

Recommended research databases and indexes for this area of study are: AGRICOLA, CAB Abstracts, MEDLINE, BIOSIS Previews and Web of Science.